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This viewpoint elucidates the selectivity challenge by covering a qualitative analysis of electrochemical NH 3 synthesis and suggests strategies to circumvent the issue.Ĭomer, B. Electrochemical ammonia synthesis - the selectivity challenge. Fertilizing nature: a tragedy of excess in the commons. Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment. Research needs towards sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. This paper covers three different generations of technological advancement needed to produce NH 3 sustainably. Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia as a potential alternative to the Haber–Bosch process. Ammonia production causes 1% of total global GHG emissions. Ammonia and the fertiliser industry: the development of ammonia at Billingham a history of technological innovation from the early 20th century to the present day.
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Ammonia for hydrogen storage: challenges and opportunities. Ammonia - Chemical Economics Handbook (IHS Markit, 2020). Carbons in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis (eds Ertl, G., Knozinger, H., Schüth, F. Nitrogen (fixed) - Ammonia 116–117 (US Geological Survey, 2021). Nitrogen Statistics and Information, Mineral Commodity Summaries (U.S. USGS National Minerals Information Center. The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production. Nitrogen and food production: proteins for human diets. How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Reactions at surfaces: from atoms to complexity (Nobel Lecture). Current and future role of Haber–Bosch ammonia in a carbon-free energy landscape. This review covers the thermochemistry of all nitrogen-transformation reactions and the challenges and opportunities associated with these reactions in overcoming reliance on fossil fuels. Beyond fossil fuel-driven nitrogen transformations. The Development of Modern Chemistry (Dover Books on Chemistry) (Dover, 1984).Ĭhen, J. The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Discovery that Changed the Course of History (Broadway Books, 2008). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production (MIT Press, 2001).
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Mechanism of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase: the next stage. Evidence that the Pi release event is the rate-limiting step in the nitrogenase catalytic cycle. Interactions among substrates and inhibitors of nitrogenase. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning. Mechanistic aspects of dinitrogen cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ammonia in catalysis and organometallic chemistry: relevance of metal hydride bonds and dihydrogen. The Strengths of Chemical Bonds 2nd edn (Butterworth, 1958). The future of nitrogen catalysis will require an increase in rigorous experimentation and standardization to prevent false positives from appearing in the literature, which can enable advancing towards practical technologies for the activation of N 2.Ĭottrell, T.
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This Primer covers various common pitfalls in the field, best practices to improve reproducibility and cost-efficient methods to carry out rigorous experimentation. We compare state-of-the-art results from different catalytic reactions following the protocol’s framework, and discuss necessary reporting metrics and ways to interpret both experimental and density functional theory results. In this Primer, we provide a holistic step by step protocol, applicable to all nitrogen-transformation reactions, focused on verifying genuine N 2 activation by accounting for all contamination sources. New strategies of sustainable N 2 activation, such as low-temperature thermochemical catalysis and (photo)electrocatalysis, have been pursued, but progress has been hindered by the lack of rigour and reproducibility in the collection and analysis of results. However, N 2 activation is inherently challenging and the Haber–Bosch process has significant drawbacks, as it is highly energy intensive, is not sustainable owing to substantial CO 2 emissions primarily from the generation of H 2 and requires large, centralized facilities. The industrial Haber–Bosch process to produce ammonia (NH 3) from dinitrogen (N 2) is crucial for modern society.